Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies ( JAFS )
A scientific journal issued by Post Graduate Institute for Accounting and Financial Studies – University of Baghdad. Date of the first issue, issued in (2006). The magazine publishes one volume containing four issues in the year. The magazine applies the double secret reviewing process in the scientific review. All magazine issues is available to readers according to the open access license. Add to Phrasebook No word lists for English -> Arabic... Create a new word list... Copy Add to Phrasebook No word lists for English -> Arabic... Create a new word list... Copy
Post Graduate Institute for Accounting and Financial Studies – University of Baghdad
The copyright is transferred to the journal when the researcher is notified of the acceptance of his research submitted for publication in the journal.
The Impact of the Payback Period and Accounting Rate of Return on Investment Decisions
This study aims to examine the feasibility of developing international capital budgeting standards that are more appropriate for international companies in making investment decisions. It also aims to identify the equations for measuring the results of international capital budgeting standards, which contribute to determining and predicting future cash flows. The research sample comprised analysts, investors, academics, financial managers, and those interested in foreign investment and financial data analysis for all service contract fields. We distributed (343) valid questionnaires for analysis. The questionnaire included a set of paragraphs and questions, the data of which were collected and classified using the statistical program (SPSS). The study concluded that one of the most important requirements for preparing international capital budgeting is obtaining accurate and appropriate financial and non-financial information for decision-making, and that increasing the value of the payback period standard by one unit leads to an increase in the degree of suitability and reliability of investment decision outcomes by 0.63. A one-unit increase in the accounting rate of return (ARR) increases the relevance and reliability of investment decision outcomes.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakeem Hammood Flayyih
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies ( JAFS )
Examining the influence of credit risk indicators on the liquidity dynamics of Kurdistan International and Iraqi Islamic Bank for the period 2005-2022
The banking sector play a significant role in the economy and in the financial system of any country. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of credit risk indicators on the liquidity of two Iraqi banks including Kurdistan international bank and Iraqi Islamic bank by using data covering 18 years from 2005 to 2022. This research used SPSS V.26 program which were using correlations and regressions for analyzing data. The main result of the research indicated that the null hypothesis will be rejected and stating that there is a significant effect of the credit risk indicators (explanatory variables) on the liquidity dynamics (dependent variable) at the 0.05 significance level. Research recommended that highlighting the total credit quality of a bank's assets and liabilities is crucial as the profitability and net worth of a bank pivot not only on default risks, but also on the quality of its assets and liabilities.
A proposed audit program for non-profit organizations in accordance with international auditing standards
This research aims to prepare a proposed audit program for non-profit organizations in accordance with international auditing standards. The importance of the research is evident in ensuring that non-profit organizations are properly exploiting their resources in legitimate ways and in accordance with their objectives for which they were established, whether charitable or voluntary work, through the application of the proposed audit program, which contributes to revealing financial manipulation in the accounts of non-profit organizations and is reflected in the audit results, ensuring the expression of a neutral technical opinion on the fairness of the financial statements and enhancing the confidence of users of the financial statements of non-profit organizations, especially donors, donors and government agencies. To achieve the objectives sought from the research and test its hypotheses, the researcher relied on the inductive (descriptive) approach through sources and references to achieve the research objectives. As for the practical aspect, he relied on the deductive approach by studying the actual reality of the non-profit organization being applied and preparing a proposed audit program through the use of financial reports and accounting records. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the absence of an audit program for non-profit organizations issued by the professional bodies sponsoring the auditing profession or the regulatory bodies. In Iraq, to clarify the control procedures that must be observed by auditors, which are consistent with the nature of the activity and privacy of non-profit organizations. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the necessity for auditors and regulatory bodies to adopt the proposed audit program for non-profit organizations.
The Impact of Contextual Intelligence on Strategic Entrepreneurship
The research aims to test the relationships of the impact of contextual intelligence in its dimensions (linking to past events, future foresight, and penetrating insight) on Strategic Entrepreneurship in its dimensions (continuous innovation, risk taking, proactive behavior, ability to generate value, and opportunity mentality) in a sample of private banks in Baghdad that included (9) banks. The field research problem was represented by the following question (What is the level of impact of contextual intelligence on Strategic Entrepreneurship in the banks studied?). The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and by adopting a main hypothesis from which five sub-hypotheses emerged to explore the relationships of influence between the variables and their dimensions. The research sample included (140) individuals, including (Managing Director, Assistant Director, Department Manager). The sample was selected from the research community consisting of (230) managers. The questionnaire was used as a primary tool to collect data prepared by the researcher based on ready-made scales. To extract the results, a set of statistical methods were used, including (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, relative importance, Pearson correlation coefficient, simple and multiple linear regression, indirect effect analysis, T-test, F-test). The data were analyzed using statistical programs (SPSS V.28) and (AMOS V.25) and (Excel V.2010) to enter the data. One of the most prominent results reached is the existence of a statistically significant influence relationship between contextual intelligence in its combined dimensions and Strategic Entrepreneurship in its dimensions.
Assist. Lectur. Kadhum Hameed Elaibi Al-Battbootti
Analysis of service and production contracts according to the sustainability accounting standard (oil and gas - exploration and production) EM.EP.210 and EP210 indicators and reflection on product costs
The research aims to clarify the importance of adopting the sustainability accounting standard as a tool for analyzing service and production contracts and its reflection on production costs by analyzing the data of the Central Oil Company according to the standard under study. The research problem revolved around the company's reliance on traditional methods in analyzing service and production costs, which led to an increase in oil production costs and thus led to a decrease in revenues due to the company's reliance on the traditional method in studying the high costs of producing a barrel of oil produced, and the high percentage of its environmental risks in the Central Oil Company and its failure to keep pace with developments in strategic cost management concepts, which negatively affects the calculation of the cost of the barrel. The research presents a hypothesis that the definition of sustainability accounting standards (SASB) in general and the standards of extractive materials (oil and gas - exploration and production) in production and service contracts and determining service and production contracts in the research sample company and analyzing service and production contracts according to sustainability accounting standards and their reflection on the cost of a barrel of oil, as the research problem lies in the high costs of the barrel, which are calculated through capital and operating costs in addition to the profitability fee in the Central Oil Company, on the assumption that the use of sustainability accounting standards The standards of extractive materials and mineral processing (oil and gas - exploration and production) in the research sample company are reflected in production costs. To achieve the research objectives and prove the hypothesis, the inductive approach will be adopted in the theoretical aspect and the deductive approach will be adopted to reach what the costs of producing a barrel of oil should be based on the analysis method. The researcher reached some conclusions, the most important of which is the use of sustainability accounting standards in measuring the company's costs in order to reduce costs.
The role of the auditor in combating corruption in public sector financial institutions according to the INTOSAI Guide (ISSAI 5270)
Corruption is a serious phenomenon that many countries suffer from, especially developing countries, due to the adverseeffects of this phenomenon that hinder the process of progress in several fields. The current research aims to propose an audit program according to the Anti-curruption Audit GUID 5270 Issued by INTOSAI for the year 2019 to assist the supervisory and Investigative authorities in combating corruption in Iraq and reducing the waste of puplic funds, and the auditor rolein detecting it bylocal laws and regulations related to combating corruption. The research also sought to identify the INTOSAI and its approved standards related to detecting and reducing corruption and to present a proposed oversight program that considers the requirements of the INTOSAI Guide (ISSAI 5270) to combat corruption. An audit proposal was prepared based on INTOSAI standards, represented by the tools of laws and regulations related to yhe subject of combating corruption, as well as the planning budget and credit plans of the financial institution and the INTOSAI ( GUID 5270 ), while the industrial bank represented the research sample as one of the public financial institution operating in Iraq and the time limits of the research were represented bythe years (2021-2023). the research concluded that the standards and principles of the INTOSAI organization are among the critical and essential tools for practicing supervisory work and that applying these standards would lead to improving the efficiency of the auditor's work and strengthening the role of supervisory bodies in societies and enhancing confidence in the outputs of these bodies, in addition to understanding the nature of the activity of financial institutions in the public sector and the tasks of their departments and the laws and regulations under which they operate and the general strategies of the state affect the audit procedures to combat corruption.
Cost-benefit comparison between the Nahrain hybrid variety and traditional varieties for the 2023 season
A study was conducted to measure the cost-benefit ratio between the Al-Nahrain hybrid variety and traditional varieties during the 2023 agricultural season. The study aimed to measure the cost-benefit ratio between the Al-Nahrain hybrid and traditional varieties in the Kirkuk and Salah al-Din governorates during the 2023 agricultural season, using economic and accounting analysis methods. Data was collected through personal interviews with 120 farmers using a questionnaire designed for this purpose, distributed equally between 60 questionnaires for the Al-Nahrain variety and 60 for the traditional variety. The research problem was the low productivity of yellow corn and the decline in cultivated areas, resulting in reduced income for farmers. The CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) methodology was used to measure the cost-benefit ratio between the Al-Nahrain hybrid and traditional varieties. The results showed that the traditional variety achieved higher revenues, reaching 1,131,624 dinars, compared to the hybrid variety, which generated 945,624 dinars, indicating the efficiency of the traditional variety in generating returns. The production cost of the hybrid variety was lower (354,005 dinars) compared to the conventional variety (475,325 dinars), indicating the potential for improved profitability through the use of hybrids. Data showed a 25.52% reduction in the overall costs of the hybrid variety, demonstrating improved cost management efficiency. The cost-to-reward ratio showed that the conventional variety was more efficient (2.3807) than the hybrid variety (2.6712). Furthermore, the hybrid variety required less fertilizer, reflecting greater efficiency in the use of agricultural inputs. The study recommended encouraging farmers to cultivate hybrid varieties, focusing on improving cost management strategies, diversifying crops, and strengthening collaboration with agricultural experts. It also recommended providing training programs for farmers on how to effectively use hybrid varieties, which would contribute to improved productivity and increased profitability.
Reflection of applying green target costing technique in reducing costs
The researcher aims to demonstrate the impact of applying green target costing techniques on reducing cement production costs through the use of clean fossil fuels. This is in light of increased costs, particularly fixed costs, due to frequent production stoppages and reduced output, as well as the high fuel costs at the plant, which lead to increased production costs. Consequently, the selling price of cement fails to cover production costs. Therefore, the research aims to utilize clean energy for generating electrical and thermal energy to improve the production process and reduce costs by adopting environmentally friendly solutions to minimize environmental pollution in cement manufacturing.
Analysis of the impact of economic crises on the value of shares in Islamic and usurious banks
The research aims to demonstrate the role of the financial crisis in determining the value of shares in the market and assessing the sustainability of Islamic banks if we compare them to usurious banks in the face of various shocks in light of economic crises by comparing the average market value of shares through (t&f), (regression equation) and (Pearson correlation coefficient) and presenting the results via the (spss-v23) program. The importance of the research appears through studying the impact of financial crises on the activities of the banking sector and its repercussions on the economy as a whole. Two banks were selected, one Islamic and the other usurious, as a sample for the study during the crisis period from (2017-2021). A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the existence of large differences between the average market values ​​of the two banks and in the fundamental factors affecting both of them. The most important recommendations are to monitor the differences between Islamic and usurious banks on an ongoing basis and update policies based on recent data to ensure balanced performance and achieve sustainable growth.
Assist. Lecture. Mohammed Hasan Abdul-Ameer
Reflection of the Quality of accounting information on the opinion of the Auditor
The main objective of the research is to indicate the knowledge bases of the quality of accounting information and the accounting monitoring and the reflection of the quality of accounting information on the opinion of the auditor based on the assertion that the financial statements were prepared in accordance with the characteristics of the quality of the accounting information through the application of research variables in Baghdad Industrial Company, one of the specialized companies in the food industry in Iraq, which applies the financial accounting system, and the most important finding sought to contain the financial reports on fundamental errors that would change the technical opinion of the auditor because it did not occur Reasonable confirmation that financial statements are free of fundamental errors. The researcher relied on the deductive Approach on the theoretical side, and the inductive Approach in the applied side in order to achieve the goals of the study. The most important thing the study reached to a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the importance of the quality of accounting information on the opinion of the auditor and the extent of credibility of the financial statements through the difference in a group of balances installed in the records on the balances shown in the financial statements that lead to misleading accounting information provided to users and making them incomplete in particular As there was no interpretative opinion provided by the administration to the auditor, which is reflected in the opinion of the auditor that the financial statements are incomplete and do not express fairly to all the fundamental aspects . The study recommended the application of international accounting standards (IAS) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS) with international audit standards (ISA) to the company and to ensure that all financial statements are compatible with international accounting standards. This includes the commitment to the requirements of providing accounting information in accordance with the specific criteria and characteristics of accounting information.
Auditing the performance of the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations according to the INTOSAI Standard (3000)
The research aimed to define performance auditing and the INTOSAI standards and guidelines issued regarding performance auditing, and to explain the concept of the conceptual framework and application procedures and the nature of specialized funds (FUND) and the literature on performance auditing, in addition to presenting a proposed audit program to audit the Reconstruction Fund for Affected Areas according to the INTOSAI Standard (3000) and the standards and guidelines referred to in this standard. The analytical approach was used in this research, and the researchers used a set of tools to achieve the research objectives, which were represented by collecting and analyzing data, and analyzing the financial statements of the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations in order to understand the nature of the Fund's activity, in addition to examining and analyzing the documentary collection, documents and data, and preparing a proposed audit program according to the INTOSAI standards and guidelines and relevant international standards. The research sample was represented by the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations for the years (2015-2020), since most of the Fund's programs and projects were in this period. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: understanding the nature of the Fund's activity, its organizational structure and tasks The powers of its departments help guide the auditor towards formulating performance audit procedures that help verify the efficiency, effectiveness and economy of the fund. The researchers recommended that the supervisory bodies concerned with auditing the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations should pay attention to implementing the performance audit process on the fund at close intervals or forming a special committee to complete this process due to the importance of the fund and the large allocations allocated to it.
Auditing modern irrigation technologies according to the International Standard for Related Services 4400 Revised
The research aims to propose a program to audit the project of using modern irrigation technologies according to the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised) to tighten control over the project's work and achieve the audit objectives based on the developments in the regulatory environment and its variables. The research was based on two main hypotheses: (There is no specialized audit program that follows up on the work of the project of using modern irrigation technologies affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture and relies on its procedures on the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised). The adoption of the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised) affects the process of auditing modern irrigation technologies). One of the most important conclusions reached by the researchers was the absence of an audit program approved by the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau that relies in its procedures on the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised) to audit the project of using modern irrigation technologies. This reflects a lack of tools and procedures necessary for the external auditor to perform a comprehensive and reliable assessment based on the best international practices and thus leads to failure to detect potential weaknesses and problems in the early stages, which increases the risk of failure or waste of resources. The most important recommendations were the necessity of adopting the proposed audit program applied to the project of using modern irrigation technologies, prepared in accordance with the international standard for related services (4400) (Revised) by the external auditor (the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau), which reflects a comprehensive and reliable assessment to reveal weaknesses and potential risks in the early stages of the project’s work.
International Standard for Related Services (4400) Revised
Assist. Prof. Dr. Wafaa Hussain Salman Al-Haidari
Analyzing the Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms in Pricing Financial Options
This study compares the performance of machine learning algorithms with the Black-Scholes model in predicting the price of financial options. Data from 153 contracts traded on the Tehran Stock Exchange between April 2018 and July 2024 were used. The models' performance was evaluated using MAE and RMSE metrics, and the results indicated that machine learning algorithms significantly outperformed the Black-Scholes model in terms of prediction accuracy.
The Impact of Credit Risk Level in the Financial Statements of Banks According to the Application of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9)
The application of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9) represents the best modern accounting treatment of financial assets and liabilities, impairment procedures, hedging, and fair value accounting, which largely replaces the International Accounting Standard (IAS) No. (39). It has been implemented in all Iraqi commercial banks since January 1st, 2019, encouraging early implementation. The key characteristics that distinguish this standard are fair value computation, financial instrument registration and classification, and hedge accounting. Impact of Credit Risk Level under the Application of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9) commercial banks in Iraq for the period of 2014 to 2023, and their number (10) banks, has been selected a sample of these banks to be the financial statements and notes complementary to banks complete and issued annually and apply the standard of IFRS No. (9) under the instructions of the Central Bank of Iraq and thus became the research sample (10) bank after excluding banks not listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The results show that when applying the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9), the correct classification percentage of the proposed model (72%), this is while not applying the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9), the percentage the correct classification percentage of the proposed model (68%). Therefore, this result should be an incentive to implement the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9) in the banking sector listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange.
International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9)
Suggested auditing program to audit the accounts of the secretariats in the diyala governorate court
The research seeks to identify the theoretical framework of the trust account and the role of the external auditor in verifying the accuracy of its registration, registration, control and liquidation. A proposed audit program has been prepared for approval by the external auditor in auditing the trust account in accordance with international auditing standards, which is what the research aims to achieve The research found that, Not to rely entirely on INTOSAI standards and international auditing standards when preparing the financial statements audit program for the government spending unit approved for all audit procedures related to the trust account as only (8) procedures were included in the approved program (Appendix No. (1)), as these procedures are considered insufficient to audit the trusts account because it includes accounts. There are many sub-subjects, and the research recommends adopting the proposed audit program to audit the trusts account.
Proposed program for auditing municipal revenues according to international auditing standards
The research aims to prepare a proposed program in accordance with international auditing standards and based on the laws, regulations and instructions in force, which the auditor must take into consideration when auditing municipal revenues to contribute to improving the process of auditing municipal revenues and assisting auditors in completing auditing procedures with high fluidity and achieving auditing objectives efficiently and effectively. It will be reflected in giving an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements of municipal institutions. The research concluded that the program of the Federal Financial Control Bureau approved for auditing municipal activities did not include detailed auditing procedures for municipal revenues and did not take into consideration international auditing standards. Therefore, the researchers recommend the necessity of adopting the proposed program.
The role of auditing in ensuring transparency of joint operating contracts
Auditing is an essential part of ensuring transparency in joint operating contracts, as auditors assess compliance with agreed terms, verify the integrity of administrative and financial procedures, and ensure that all parties to the joint operating contract adhere to the approved laws and regulations, in addition to evaluating the distribution of revenues and expenditures in a manner that serves the public sector’s interests.Auditing reveals any violations or irregularities that may affect the rights of the parties participating in the operating contract, which enhances trust between the parties and contributes to improving transparency and fairness, in addition to discovering loopholes in the financial and administrative system, thus enabling the parties to address these issues early to avoid future disputes.The role of auditing is mainly based on verifying the validity of financial transactions, providing accurate reports on the financial position, and analyzing the effectiveness of internal control mechanisms. Auditing also enhances the application of best practices in managing joint operating contracts and ensures that procedures are in line with financial standards and local and international legislation. Ultimately, auditing plays a pivotal role in ensuring transparency in joint operating contracts, which enhances operational effectiveness and contributes to building an environment of trust between the participating parties, thus reflecting on the interests of the state’s public sector.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates under International Accounting Standard (IAS 21) and Their Impact on Financial Statements
The research aims to show the change in foreign currency rates in the specializations of foreign companies and its impact on finances, by identifying the financial and tax impact and any application of the International Accounting Standard No. (21) IAS in Iraq and multinational companies to show and audit the applications and differences that arise when starting to write International Accounting Standard No. (21) IAS IAS The research included the presentation and analysis of the financial statements of the branch of the Italian joint-stock company (X) / Iraq branch, which is a company specialized in providing engineering, consulting, construction and maintenance services in the oil, gas and energy sector. The research reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is that the financial statements prepared by the research sample company that provides engineering, consulting, construction and maintenance services in the oil, gas and energy sector It does not express the effects of changes in foreign currency prices. The most important recommendations are that the accounting treatments for foreign currency exchange rates are in accordance with International Accounting Standards (21-8) and the preparation of financial statements according to Standard No. (1) “Presentation of Financial Statements” and the effect on the result of the activity and on taxable income.
The role of additive manufacturing technology in improving the competitive performance of the dental industry
The purpose of this research was to apply modern technologies, especially "additive manufacturing technology", in order to improve the competitive economic performance of the unit under study. The Dental Manufacturing and Orthodontics Center\Bab Al-Moatham was chosen as the field of application and generalization of the results reached by the research to all units within the work environment. To achieve the research goal, work will be done to study and analyze the costs adopted in the center, analyze them and then improve competitive performance using advanced technology. The research reached many conclusions, the most important of which is that additive manufacturing technology (3D printer) leads to reducing waste, reducing production time, reducing waste and use of materials, and dispensing with a large number of workers, and then reducing costs and thus improving competitive performance.
Sustainability accounting and its role in reducing product costs and achieving its environmental, economic and social dimensions
The research aims to shed light on sustainability accounting and the most important standards issued by the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) and to study and analyze how sustainability accounting standards (gas utilities and distributors) reflect on product costs; The research problem was represented by the inadequacy of disclosures about contributions related to pollutants, emissions and savings provided by the research sample, and measuring their costs in economic, environmental and social aspects. Therefore, the reports of economic units in general and the research sample in particular did not meet the needs of users and did not help in achieving accountability, in addition to not achieving sufficient disclosure of sustainable development goals; The research relied on data collection and analysis tools represented by financial data, reports, publications, laws and instructions for the years (2019-2020) to obtain information. The research reached a set of results, the most prominent of which was the lack of the local environment to use sustainability accounting standards, indicators and measures in the field of industries, which led to the delay of the industrial sector in disclosing financial and non-financial information, and that adopting initial indicators and measures is a first step to enhance the reality of industries, which would improve the reality of economic units in terms of making decisions based on essential information that is reflected in the environmental, economic and social aspects as a whole, and the increase in impurities during the years (2019, 2020); as it reached (109993, 125979) tons, respectively, which affects the weight to be received from the consumer, in addition to the increase in the production of filled cylinders during the coming years, which indicates the existence of costs that do not add value to the product; It amounted to (48462104311) dinars and (55634277598) dinars during the years (2019, 2020).
Sustainability Accounting Standard (Gas Utilities and Distributors)
Digital entrepreneurship and its role in brilliant performance an analytical
This research aims to know the digital leadership and its role in achieving the outstanding performance in the (Baghdad Soft Drinks) Company. In order to achieve the research goal, it was necessary to address the knowledge of digital leadership in achieving outstanding performance. The main research problem was formulated as the role of digital leadership in its dimensions in outstanding performance and its dimensions in the company. The research adopted the comparative analytical approach by targeting a deliberate sample of senior management levels (General Manager, Assistant General Manager, Head of Department, Division Manager, Unit Manager) as the size of the community reached (75) managers within the administrative specialties. The questionnaire form was distributed to a sample of (62) according to the "De" Morcan law to be the number of final forms valid for statistical analysis (54) respondents for the company, as the questionnaire is considered a main tool for research to collect information and data, in addition to adopting the checklist and personal interviews. The (Spss.v24) program was applied for the purpose of extracting the research results according to the selection of research hypotheses. The research showed a number of results, the most prominent of which was the presence of a significant effect Morale of digital leadership in outstanding performance. The senior management of Baghdad Soft Drinks Company also relied on using the latest methods in collecting and analyzing data, in addition to using technological technology in the decision-making stages as well as developing strategic plans.
Measuring and analyzing the relationship between aggregate demand and the current account in Iraq during the period (2000 – 2022)
This study aims to measure the relationship between aggregate demand and the current account in Iraq during the period (2000 - 2022) using time series data at current prices, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, and using the extended Dickey-Fuller model to test the stability of the unit root, where all variables were The study is stable at the first difference, and the results of testing the long- and short-term equilibrium relationship (co-integration) between the variables showed the presence of a positive and significant effect on the aggregate demand on the current account in the short and long-term as a result of the high relative importance formed by oil exports in the formation of output in the economy. Iraq is rentier, as oil exports constituted (98.54%) of the total export structure. If this mostly rentier trend continues in the economy, the current account situation is unlikely to be affected in light of the rising prices and quantities of crude oil exported abroad. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the fragility of the Iraqi economy in the face of global economic crises as a result of the commodity concentration of exports through oil products, occupying a percentage of (98.54%) of the total export structure during the research period. The research also included a number of recommendations, the most important of which is diversifying sources of income. The heavy reliance on crude oil exports makes the Iraqi economy vulnerable to fluctuations in oil prices, and therefore, any decline in oil prices will lead to an imbalance in the structure of the current account, in addition to its impact on the entire economy.
The Relationship between aggregate demand and the current account
The impact of financial reporting on financial service delivery technology on the value of Iraqi private banks
The research aims to study the impact of financial reporting on financial services technology on the value of private Iraqi banks, by applying it to twenty-three private Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from 2018 to 2023, with (134) observations. The research variables were measured based on the published financial reports of private Iraqi banks by conducting approved statistical tests such as conducting statistical analysis based on the multiple linear regression model using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). Among the most important findings of the researchers is that financial reporting on financial services technology affects the value of banks at a significance level of 5%, with the stability of other independent variables represented by the debt ratio, return on assets, and bank size. The researchers also found that financial reporting on financial services technology provides detailed information for each category of intangible assets, specifically software and electronic systems included in the supplementary explanations to the financial statements, ease of understanding and interpreting financial information, and the possibility of comparison to determine future growth rates. Based on what they have reached above, the researchers recommend that Iraqi private banks increase investment in software and electronic systems to keep pace with the extent of development in the field of providing financial services and benefit from the experiences of leading banks in this field or build partnerships with private financial institutions to develop financial solutions dedicated to supporting the innovation system for banks to ensure survival and growth in a competitive business environment. The researchers also recommend the necessity of increasing financial reporting on financial services technology by including financial indicators such as technological revenues divided by technological assets in their annual reports to increase understanding and interpretation of the importance of technologies and software used in banking activities through the growth of financial returns.
The possibility of applying the three-line model issued by the IIA in insurance companies
The research aims to know the possibility of applying the three-line model issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) in insurance companies. The main research problem was the possibility of applying the three-line model issued by the IIA to insurance companies. The research relied on the inductive, descriptive, and analytical approach by creating a checklist to analyze companies' data and reach its results. The results showed that insurance companies were not aware of the three-line model issued by (IIA) as a framework for governance, risk management, and internal control, the possibility of adopting the three-line model issued by (IIA) in insurance companies due to acceptance by respondents to the checklist, and the necessity of holding workshops and courses for cadres working within the lines within the company and supporting bodies to contribute to strengthening the work of governance, risk management, and internal control to help achieve the set goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies ( JAFS )
The effect of preparing the extended reports using brainstorming on the quality of auditing
The research aims to demonstrate the impact of preparing extended reports using brainstorming on the quality of auditing, and to present and analyze the role of using brainstorming sessions in raising the level of the extended auditor's report and the quality of auditing, as the auditor's report is one of the important documents that support users' decisions. The research sample was a group of auditors working in auditing companies and offices, as questionnaire forms were distributed to them to survey their opinions. The researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the extended report prepared according to brainstorming sessions is an integrated document of quality due to the balanced and understandable information it contains that covers users' need for information and increases their confidence. The extended report increases the quality and informative value of the report; as additional disclosures help users directly or indirectly to evaluate the financial status of the economic unit being audited. The researchers reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which is that auditors should use brainstorming sessions to prepare the extended report according to the International Auditing Standard ISA700 and other standards related to preparing the extended report. The Council of the Auditing and Control Profession in Iraq should oblige auditing companies and offices to adhere to the report. Expanded reporting standards and other relevant standards.
Using Resource Consumption Accounting and Material Flow Cost Accounting to Achieve Product Sustainability in Iraqi Economic Units
The research aims to identify the cognitive aspects of the research variables and the importance of applying resource consumption accounting and material flow cost accounting in Iraqi economic units, and its role in achieving product sustainability by identifying losses and idle energy during the production process, as the research problem represents that the company is exposed to many challenges and pressures in achieving a balance between the optimal use of resources and maintaining competitiveness and achieving sustainability for its products. To address this problem, the researcher used the application of the resource consumption accounting system and material flow cost accounting technology to achieve product sustainability by tracking the stages that the product goes through during the production process from the stage of purchasing raw materials to the post-use stages and identifying losses and unused energy. The researcher conducted field work in the National Company for Chemical and Plastic Industries and reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that using resource consumption accounting and material flow cost accounting helps to identify losses during the production process and unused energy for the pallet product. As for the most important recommendations, he recommended the necessity of using and adopting the company's management of the resource consumption accounting system and material flow cost accounting technology because provides detailed information.
The Regulation of Virtual Cryptocurrency Trading vs. Complete Ban
This study deals with the phenomenon of Cryptocurrency after their importance in the field of financial investment has increased, and their impact on the global financial system and monetary policies has worsened from central banks and regulatory and supervisory organisations in the Arab countries, as well as evaluating and analyzing the positions of Arab countries on these currencies, and the efforts of some Arab countries to issue central digital currencies as a significant alternative to Cryptocurrency. The study also contains a trade-off based on objective grounds between the two options of regulation and prohibition of these currencies at the level of Arab countries.
The application of the dimensions of TQM and its impact in enhancing the satisfaction of the taxpayers
The concept of TQM is based on one of the concepts that combine administrative and innovative methods. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the dimensions of TQM in enhancing the satisfaction of the taxpayers through a survey of a sample of officials in the General Authority for Taxation and 50 officials. In the collection of data and information, and the results were analyzed using the SPSS program to find the most important compounds and factors in he method of analysis.
The Role of Audit Committees in Assessing the Level of Regulatory Compliance and Its Guiding Principles
The study aims to analyze the impact of audit committees in banks on reducing the risk of non-compliance with laws, instructions, and regulations, and the impact this relationship has on the bank's reputation and financial transactions. A questionnaire consisting of 35 forms was distributed to a group of external and internal auditors in a number of private Iraqi banks .A descriptive and inferential methodology was used to describe and test relationships and hypotheses. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The role of audit committees is to confirm the accuracy of the accounting data and information contained in financial reports, and that audit committees play a positive role in assessing the level of regulatory compliance.
Assist. Lec. Ali Khudhair Abbas Al-Falahi
The impact of artificial intelligence on the development of electronic wallets in Iraq
The study aimed to demonstrate the impact of artificial intelligence in developing electronic wallets that achieve speed and accuracy in achievement. The research problem was represented in the question of how artificial intelligence contributes to the development of electronic wallets. The research used the distributed exponential deceleration model (ARDL) by extracting the stability of data for electronic wallets, namely (Zain Cash, Asia Hawala, Nas Pay) for the period 2021-1-2024-4. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the use of artificial intelligence technologies in Iraqi banks that facilitate banking work and make it keep pace with scientific and technical developments in light of banking competition. Electronic wallets also operate (24) hours a day, seven days a week, for all devices and with various types of banks, with the aim of maintaining a sound and secure banking system. The most important recommendations that emerged from the study are the necessity of adopting electronic banking payment methods in Iraqi banks and improving investment strategies for managing investment portfolios to ensure that investment decisions are based on accurate and comprehensive scientific analysis of data, in addition to developing information technologies and communication networks to ensure the flow of banking services with high efficiency.